Vitamin (a) maintain the functions of the immune system and help protect the body from heart disease

Contribute to the quality and freshness of the skin and reduce wrinkles and symptoms of early aging
Vitamin (a) maintain the functions of the immune system and help protect the body from heart disease and cancer

D Rashwd Abdullah Alhqrawi

Is a vitamin (a) a type of fat-soluble vitamins and vitamins are usually divided into two parts, first group of fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins (a - d - e - k). Second group of vitamins dissolved in water and include vitamins (b) and vitamin (c). And vitamin A, which is known as the scientific Ritinol exists in two forms of natural either in the form of Retinol Ritinol food prepared from meat of animals or in the form of beta-carotene Beta-Carotene in the plant tissue and vitamin “A” several important functions in the body, which plays an important role posts in the immune system and help protect the body from heart disease and cancer, and it is essential for the growth of the skin and protect it with a key role in strengthening the vision.

The appropriate dose of vitamin A.
Usually differ from the requirements of vitamin A among all age groups
- The needs of the infant: The breast milk intake by infants during the first four months, enough for him to take the child could need, which was set at 300 to 450 micro grams per day or 50 per Maikarowerema per kilogram of weight.
- The needs of children aged 1 to 12, ranging from the needs of 250 to 570 Maikarowerema
- The needs of adults is estimated at 750 grams Micro Day Maikarowerema or equivalent to 12 per kilogram of body weight.
- The needs of pregnant and lactating women: usually do not need most of pregnant women to extra doses of vitamin A during pregnancy Vahtiajh equivalent of vitamin A requirement of adults and lactating mothers, but they need to increase the need of vitamin A are lost every day large quantities of vitamin A during lactation So the mother needs equivalent to the amount of nursing Day 1200 micrograms of the vitamin.
The symptoms of vitamin A deficiency:
And vitamin A deficiency causing disruption to the functions of the skin and mucous membranes and also difficult to discern in the darkness of the so-called night-blindness, where the ability to make adjustment to darkness after long periods of normal human being is able to adjust quickly in the darkness of a lack of vitamin may lead to long-term to match the eye and has Tegrahha This leads to the loss of blindness and to the full and this may be seen in poor countries such as India and some African countries because of poverty, hunger, poverty, affordable food component of vitamin A, usually dependent on the nutrition of cereals and pulses, which is poor in vitamin (a) and non-reliance on animal products such as liver, fish oil, butter, eggs, milk, cheese, Alakectp Thank God Gmawna is rich in the Arab world in this species. Also contributes to a lack of vitamin A in the inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose on an ongoing basis and also plays a lack of vitamin A in the vulnerability and inability to withstand disease and also lack of appetite to eat
Overdose of vitamin A.
In general is not recommended to take up the doses in the form of a supplement of vitamin A pills to any case only after consulting a doctor there are serious consequences result from taking large amounts of it, this vitamin melts the fat does not melt in water and is therefore not be put with the urine, but the body stores in the liver and the lungs, heart and under the skin and often see symptoms of this vitamin poisoning in children who eat large amounts of fish oil or cod liver and the start of symptoms and loss of appetite, nausea and headache, followed by a sense of the need to vomit, diarrhea and associated Balnzk speed and passion.
Vitamin A and cancer
Advantage of vitamin A in addition to Albestackarutin provided in the food may well play a significant role in reducing risk factors in cancer study showed that eating vegetables rich in green and yellow Balbestackarutin addition to vitamin A may contribute to reducing the incidence of lung cancer, which is spreading among smokers and the decline of these elements in food may increase the incidence of some types of cancer, such Aavana In studies conducted in Italy and America, where the study was conducted on 2972 women between the ages of 30 to 70 years living with HIV, but in the first stages of breast and ovarian cancer have been added in the form of vitamin A doses given in their own food It is the results of this study made clear that the rate of infection has become a few of the women of the age of 50 years and where the vitamin A of antioxidants, which play an important role in reducing the free radicals, which is a strong foundation in health problems

Vitamin A and the freshness of the skin:
Although there are many external causes that play a major role in the integrity of the skin and Ndharth such as the progress in life as it contributed in large cells and Hermha and the lack of flexibility and this may be difficult for us to control it, but there are also some external factors that contribute to speed up the aging of the skin and the appearance of some wrinkles Alterhlat oxidizing substances such as skin or what is known as free roots that produce and increase their focus through a number of reasons such as pollution of outer halve the car, as well as smoking play a major role in the formation of these free radicals also found that fried food has a great role in the increase of these roots, which makes subject to the rights of the symptoms of aging that is recommended for those who wish to preserve the freshness of his face and address the amount of good fruits and vegetables, which is a good source of vitamins and minerals, and I like to make clear who would make the nutrition program to ensure that no starvation, Dieting is cruel because it would make the body and especially the members, such as skin losing many of the elements, vitamins and mineral shortages that will lead to a negative impact on the safety and freshness of the skin, leading to premature aging of the skin must therefore Bhmyat of the food to be under the supervision of specialists under the skin so that any problems
Vitamin A and the heart:
The most-known antioxidants, which protect the fatty molecules of protein, low-density pressure oxidation (oxidizers) are vitamin E, vitamin A, Albestackarutin bearing in mind that antioxidants protect the fatty molecules of protein, low-density fat oxidized, thus slowing the process and as part of the clotting Doctors ongoing studies on health, a study was conducted on a group of 333 individuals with a history of heart disease has been observed to eat 50 milligrams of Albtarutin day after day that it may have decreased the rate of heart attacks and angina, and death associated with heart disease by half, compared to those who do not eat food Supplementary

Vitamin A and the health of the eye
Noted that there is an urgent need for the vitamins in the vitamin (a) and the strength and integrity of the eye and vision because it plays a significant role in the safety of network composition and must be renewed for the supply sources of the vitamin the body was wrong to some people and I think that the islands is the only vegetables that provide the body in general and especially the eye of this vitamin therefore be focused only on the fruits of the islands were not aware that there are many sources of this vitamin, such as many vegetables such as squash, Alorkiet must therefore suffer from the weakness of his vision to provide the sources of vitamin (a) of the vegetables, and especially that we have because that will contribute to the safety of and the strength of vision and lack of any injury, eye problems and recommend to suffer from weakness in the vision to introduce himself to the doctor to make sure of the integrity and good deals with the quantities of vitamin (a)

Copyright 2009

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MESOTHELIOMA Q & A - Mesothelioma Faqs - Mesothelioma Questions and Answers

MESOTHELIOMA Q & A

Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer in which malignant (cancerous) cells are found in the mesothelium, a protective sac that covers most of the body’s internal organs. Most people who develop mesothelioma have worked on jobs where they inhaled asbestos particles.

1. What is the mesothelium?

   The mesothelium is a membrane that covers and protects most of the internal organs of the body. It is composed of two layers of cells: One layer immediately surrounds the organ; the other forms a sac around it. The mesothelium produces a lubricating fluid that is released between these layers, allowing moving organs (such as the beating heart and the expanding and contracting lungs) to glide easily against adjacent structures.

   The mesothelium has different names, depending on its location in the body. The peritoneum is the mesothelial tissue that covers most of the organs in the abdominal cavity. The pleura is the membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the wall of the chest cavity. The pericardium covers and protects the heart. The mesothelial tissue surrounding the male internal reproductive organs is called the tunica vaginalis testis. The tunica serosa uteri covers the internal reproductive organs in women.

2. What is mesothelioma?

   Mesothelioma (cancer of the mesothelium) is a disease in which cells of the mesothelium become abnormal and divide without control or order. They can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs. Cancer cells can also metastasize (spread) from their original site to other parts of the body. Most cases of mesothelioma begin in the pleura or peritoneum.

   A doctor should be seen if a person has shortness of breath, pain in the chest, or pain or swelling in the abdomen. If there are symptoms, the doctor may order an x-ray of the chest or abdomen.

   The doctor may look inside the chest cavity with a special instrument called a thoracoscope. A cut will be made through the chest wall and the thoracoscope will be put into the chest between two ribs. This test, called thoracoscopy, is usually done in the hospital. Before the test, the patient will be given a local anesthetic (a drug that causes a loss of feeling for a short period of time). Some pressure may be felt, but usually there is no pain.

   The doctor may also look inside the abdomen (peritoneoscopy) with a special tool called a peritoneoscope. The peritoneoscope is put into an opening made in the abdomen. This test is also usually done in the hospital. Before the test is done, a local anesthetic will be given.

   If tissue that is not normal is found, the doctor will need to cut out a small piece and have it looked at under a microscope to see if there are any cancer cells. This is called a biopsy. Biopsies are usually done during the thoracoscopy or peritoneoscopy.

   The chance of recovery (prognosis) depends on the size of the cancer, where the cancer is, how far the cancer has spread, how the cancer cells look under the microscope, how the cancer responds to treatment, and the patient’s age.

3. How common is mesothelioma?

   Although reported incidence rates have increased in the past 20 years, mesothelioma is still a relatively rare cancer. About 2,000 new cases of mesothelioma are diagnosed in the United States each year. Mesothelioma occurs more often in men than in women and risk increases with age, but this disease can appear in either men or women at any age.

4. What are the risk factors for mesothelioma?

   Working with asbestos is the major risk factor for mesothelioma. A history of asbestos exposure at work is reported in about 70 percent to 80 percent of all cases. However, mesothelioma has been reported in some individuals without any known exposure to asbestos.

   Asbestos is the name of a group of minerals that occur naturally as masses of strong, flexible fibers that can be separated into thin threads and woven. Asbestos has been widely used in many industrial products, including cement, brake linings, roof shingles, flooring products, textiles, and insulation. If tiny asbestos particles float in the air, especially during the manufacturing process, they may be inhaled or swallowed, and can cause serious health problems. In addition to mesothelioma, exposure to asbestos increases the risk of lung cancer, asbestosis (a noncancerous, chronic lung ailment), and other cancers, such as those of the larynx and kidney.

   Smoking does not appear to increase the risk of mesothelioma. However, the combination of smoking and asbestos exposure significantly increases a person’s risk of developing cancer of the air passageways in the lung.

5. What are the symptoms of mesothelioma?

   Symptoms of mesothelioma may not appear until 30 to 50 years after exposure to asbestos. Shortness of breath and pain in the chest due to an accumulation of fluid in the pleura are often symptoms of pleural mesothelioma. Symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma include weight loss and abdominal pain and swelling due to a buildup of fluid in the abdomen. Other symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma may include bowel obstruction, blood clotting abnormalities, anemia, and fever. If the cancer has spread beyond the mesothelium to other parts of the body, symptoms may include pain, trouble swallowing, or swelling of the neck or face.

   These symptoms may be caused by mesothelioma or by other, less serious conditions. It is important to see a doctor about any of these symptoms. Only a doctor can make a diagnosis.

6. How is mesothelioma diagnosed?

   Diagnosing mesothelioma is often difficult, because the symptoms are similar to those of a number of other conditions. Diagnosis begins with a review of the patient’s medical history, including any history of asbestos exposure. A complete physical examination may be performed, including x-rays of the chest or abdomen and lung function tests. A CT (or CAT) scan or an MRI may also be useful. A CT scan is a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. In an MRI, a powerful magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of areas inside the body. These pictures are viewed on a monitor and can also be printed.

   A biopsy is needed to confirm a diagnosis of mesothelioma. In a biopsy, a surgeon or a medical oncologist (a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancer) removes a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope by a pathologist. A biopsy may be done in different ways, depending on where the abnormal area is located. If the cancer is in the chest, the doctor may perform a thoracoscopy. In this procedure, the doctor makes a small cut through the chest wall and puts a thin, lighted tube called a thoracoscope into the chest between two ribs. Thoracoscopy allows the doctor to look inside the chest and obtain tissue samples. If the cancer is in the abdomen, the doctor may perform a peritoneoscopy. To obtain tissue for examination, the doctor makes a small opening in the abdomen and inserts a special instrument called a peritoneoscope into the abdominal cavity. If these procedures do not yield enough tissue, more extensive diagnostic surgery may be necessary.

   If the diagnosis is mesothelioma, the doctor will want to learn the stage (or extent) of the disease. Staging involves more tests in a careful attempt to find out whether the cancer has spread and, if so, to which parts of the body. Knowing the stage of the disease helps the doctor plan treatment.

   Mesothelioma is described as localized if the cancer is found only on the membrane surface where it originated. It is classified as advanced if it has spread beyond the original membrane surface to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, lungs, chest wall, or abdominal organs.

7. What are the stages of mesothelioma?

   Once malignant mesothelioma is found, more tests will be done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. This is called staging. A doctor needs to know the stage of the cancer to plan treatment. The following stages are used for malignant mesothelioma.

   Localized malignant mesothelioma
   Stage I
   The cancer is found in the lining of the chest cavity near the lung and heart or in the diaphragm or the lung.

   Advanced malignant mesothelioma
   Stage II
   The cancer has spread beyond the lining of the chest to lymph nodes in the chest.

   Stage III
   Cancer has spread into the chest wall, center of the chest, heart, through the diaphragm, or abdominal lining, and in some cases into nearby lymph nodes.

   Stage IV
   Cancer has spread to distant organs or tissues.

   Recurrent malignant mesothelioma
   Recurrent disease means that the cancer has come back (recurred) after it has been treated. It may come back in the lining of the chest or abdomen or in another part of the body.

8. How is mesothelioma treated?

   Treatment for mesothelioma depends on the location of the cancer, the stage of the disease, and the patient’s age and general health. Standard treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Sometimes, these treatments are combined.

   • Surgery is a common treatment for mesothelioma. The doctor may remove part of the lining of the chest or abdomen and some of the tissue around it. For cancer of the pleura (pleural mesothelioma), a lung may be removed in an operation called a pneumonectomy. Sometimes part of the diaphragm, the muscle below the lungs that helps with breathing, is also removed.
   • Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, involves the use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation therapy affects the cancer cells only in the treated area. The radiation may come from a machine (external radiation) or from putting materials that produce radiation through thin plastic tubes into the area where the cancer cells are found (internal radiation therapy).
   • Chemotherapy is the use of anticancer drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. Most drugs used to treat mesothelioma are given by injection into a vein (intravenous, or IV). Doctors are also studying the effectiveness of putting chemotherapy directly into the chest or abdomen (intracavitary chemotherapy).
   • Intraoperative photodynamic therapy is a new type of treatment that uses special drugs and light to kill cancer cells during surgery. A drug that makes cancer cells more sensitive to light is injected into a vein several days before surgery. During surgery to remove as much of the cancer as possible, a special light is used to shine on the pleura. This treatment is being studied for early stages of mesothelioma in the chest.

   To relieve symptoms and control pain, the doctor may use a needle or a thin tube to drain fluid that has built up in the chest or abdomen. The procedure for removing fluid from the chest is called thoracentesis. Removal of fluid from the abdomen is called paracentesis. Drugs may be given through a tube in the chest to prevent more fluid from accumulating. Radiation therapy and surgery may also be helpful in relieving symptoms.

9. What treatments are used at the different stages
   of mesothelioma?

   Treatment depends on where the cancer is, how far it has spread, and the patient’s age and general health. Standard treatment may be considered because of its effectiveness in patients in past studies, or participation in a clinical trial may be considered. Not all patients are cured with standard therapy and some standard treatments may have more side effects than are desired. For these reasons, clinical trials are designed to find better ways to treat cancer patients and are based on the most up-to-date information. Clinical trials are ongoing in many parts of the country for many patients with malignant mesothelioma. To learn more about clinical trials, call the Cancer Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237); TTY at 1-800-332-8615.

   Localized Malignant Mesothelioma (Stage I)
   If the cancer is only in one place in the chest or abdomen, treatment will probably be surgery to remove part of the pleura and some of the tissue around it.

   If the cancer is found in a larger part of the pleura, treatment may be one of the following:

   • Surgery to remove the pleura and the tissue near it to relieve symptoms, with or without radiation therapy after surgery.
   • Surgery to remove sections of the pleura, the lung, part of the diaphragm, and part of the lining around the heart.
   • External beam radiation therapy to relieve symptoms.
   • A clinical trial of surgery followed by chemotherapy given inside the chest.
   • A clinical trial of surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy.

   Advanced Malignant Mesothelioma (Stages II, III, and IV)
   Treatment may be one of the following:

   • Draining of fluid in the chest or abdomen (thoracentesis or paracentesis) to reduce discomfort. Drugs also may be put into the chest or abdomen to prevent further collection of fluid.
   • Surgery to relieve symptoms.
   • Radiation therapy to relieve symptoms.
   • Chemotherapy.
   • A clinical trial of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
   • Chemotherapy given in the chest or abdomen.

   Recurrent Malignant Mesothelioma
   Treatment depends on many factors, including where the cancer came back and what treatment the patient received before. Clinical trials are testing new treatments.

10. Are new treatments for mesothelioma being studied?

    Yes. Because mesothelioma is very hard to control, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) is sponsoring clinical trials (research studies with people) that are designed to find new treatments and better ways to use current treatments. Before any new treatment can be recommended for general use, doctors conduct clinical trials to find out whether the treatment is safe for patients and effective against the disease. Participation in clinical trials is an important treatment option for many patients with mesothelioma.

    People interested in taking part in a clinical trial should talk with their doctor. Information about clinical trials is available from the Cancer Information Service (CIS) (see below) at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at the CIS use PDQ®, NCI’s cancer information database, to identify and provide detailed information about specific ongoing clinical trials. Patients also have the option of searching for clinical trials on their own. The clinical trials page on the NCI’s Cancer.gov Web site, located at http://cancer.gov/clinical_trials on the Internet, provides general information about clinical trials and links to PDQ.

    People considering clinical trials may be interested in the NCI booklet Taking Part in Clinical Trials: What Cancer Patients Need To Know. This booklet describes how research studies are carried out and explains their possible benefits and risks. The booklet is available by calling the CIS, or from the NCI Publications Locator Web site at http://cancer.gov/publications on the Internet.

Sources of National Cancer Institute Information:

• Cancer Information Service
  Toll-free: 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237)
  TTY (for deaf and hard of hearing callers): 1-800-332-8615
• NCI Online
  Internet
  Use http://cancer.gov to reach NCI’s Web site.LiveHelp
  Cancer Information Specialists offer online assistance through the
  LiveHelp link on the NCI’s Web site.

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